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Heliyon. 2021 Jun; 7(6): e07170.
Published online 2021 May 28. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07170
PMCID: PMC8182427
PMID: 34141931
Bolappa Gamage Kaushalya Madhavi,a Fawad Khan,a Anil Bhujel,a Mustafa Jaihuni,a Na Eun Kim,a Byeong Eun Moon,b and Hyeon Tae Kima,∗
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- Data Availability Statement
Abstract
The optimal production of strawberries requires the essential nutrients and favourable media for vegetative and reproductive growth. The present study sought to determine the effectiveness of growth parameters and fruit yield of strawberries in different media growing under a greenhouse. To analyze the significant effect for the growth and fruit yield among the growing media, four treatments such as control soil (CS), bio plus compost (T1), the combination of bio plus compost, and synthetic nutrient applied media/integrated media (T2) and synthetic nutrient applied soil media (T3) were assayed. Morphology parameters like plant height, canopy area, fresh weight, dry weight of roots were measured in each stage after eight weeks and sixteen weeks and yield attributing parameter as the number of fruits set per plant and number of fruits per plant were measured at the beginning and end of the reproductive stage eight and sixteen weeks respectively. The effects of growing media for the strawberry plant growth and productivity were analyzed using completely randomized block designs through analyzing the variance with a significance level of p < 0.05. The canopy area of the strawberry plants was calculated using the image processing technique applied in HSV colour space. Correspondingly, the vegetative stage and reproductive stage of T2 plants attained the maximum plant height of 16.93 ± 0.31 cm and 19.34 ± 0.21 cm, canopy area with 23.02 ± 1.94 cm2 and 28.78 ± 0.93 cm2, fresh weight of 18.00 ± 3.06 g, and 20.15 ± 3.49 g, dry weight of 5.15 ± 1.26 g and 6.66 ± 2.34 g and the number of fruits set per plant 18.83 ± 2.64 and number of fruits per plant 24.17 ± 2.14 followed by T1, T3, and CS respectively. A comparison of the relative growth and fruit yield at the vegetative and reproductive phases of plants T2 implied better performance. This study demonstrated that bio plus compost with synthetic nutrients act as a better source for the growth and production of strawberries under the greenhouse.
Keywords: Growing media, Bio plus compost, Image processing technique, Synthetic nutrient, Strawberry plant
Growing media; Bio plus compost; Image processing technique; Synthetic nutrient; Strawberry plant.
1. Introduction
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is standout cultivation in Jinju, South Korea is in its infancy and has increased logarithmically during recent decades. Favourable soil media and macro, micronutrients are the utmost important factors that aid the growth and yield of strawberry plants. Since strawberry is a shallow-rooted plant, effective nutrient management is essential for profitable production. Specifically, the soil plays an integral role as a reservoir to retain water and nutrient, and also provides physical support for the growth of the root system (Raja etal., 2018).
Correspondingly, the application of compost with synthetic nutrients as a substrate is a good management strategy to enhance the strawberry yield in greenhouse cultivation. Therefore, the use of natural soil media integrated with synthetic nutrient solution modifies the high growth performance, better nutrient uptake, and productivity of strawberry cultivars (Wei etal., 2020). Bio plus compost (cocopeat 68.86%, peat moss (11.00%), perlite (11.00%), and zeolite (9.00%) is a standardized commercial fertilizer utilized for vegetable growth in South Korea which contains coconut waste and other biodegradable materials such as grass clipping and leaves (Khan etal., 2019). Furthermore and even more importantly, it contains a lot of environmentally beneficial microbes which enhance soil physiochemical properties, decreasing nutrition loss by decomposing the organic materials and reducing the eutrophication due to the slower nutrient release compared to other organic and mineral fertilizers (Vandecasteele etal., 2018).
In addition to that, compost quality is closely related to their maturity as stability and their indicators that have been proposed carbon/nitrogen (C: N) ratio, microbial activity, humic substance, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and germination index as revealed by Azim etal. (2014). Moreover, an appropriate combination of the C: N ratio (nutrient balance) is crucial for enhancing the compost performance and growth, and activity of the beneficial microbial population (Qasim etal., 2018). In recent decades, farmers move to environmentally sustainable materials for growing media for stabilizing the ecosystem quality due to the lower impact on global warming and improving the physicochemical properties of soil (Tejada etal., 2009). Barrett etal. (2016) revealed that compost is a reach source of fiber and acts as a structuring medium for plant roots formation.
Generally, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (NPK) are the most important macronutrient in inorganic fertilizers which need for optimal production of strawberries, enhancing soil fertility, plant growth, and soil structural ability (Khan etal., 2019). Nitrogen (N) is the most significant element for runner production, plant growth, and fruit bud formation. Moreover, the limited application of N may have a detrimental effect on the vegetative growth development of strawberry plants (Trejo-Tellez and Gomez-Merino, 2014; Cardenas-Navarro etal., 2006). Furthermore, Phosphorus (P) is one of the major nutrients for strawberry growth and development. It also plays an integral role in photosynthesis, energy transferring, the transformation of sugars into starches, and the translocation of nutrients. Specifically, Potassium (K) also plays an indispensable role in cell elongation, carbohydrate, and sugar synthesis. Therefore, NPK nutrient is significant for optimal strawberry production and increasing the quality of strawberries such as sweetness, firmness, and anthocyanin accumulation in strawberry fruit as revealed by Yoshida etal. (2000). However, nutrients and growing media are correlated with plant growth and productivity. Growth analysis demonstrates the plant's primary productivity, which determines the yield and physiological phenomena of the plant. Correspondingly, the growth parameters rely on measuring raw data such as plant height, canopy area, dry weight, and fresh weight of root (Casierra-Posada etal., 2012).
The canopy area plays a significant impact in plant photosynthesis, transpiration, and crop growth. In addition to that, it is a key index in plant breeding practices and plant growth rate measurement (Sandino etal., 2016). Therefore, modern agriculture operations focusing on nondestructive accuracy methods for canopy area measurement. Even though, in recent years many destructive methods were already investigated namely gravimetric methods, square grid meter, planimeters, and area-length regression. Nevertheless, these destructive measurements are easily affected by human subjective factors. Therefore, accuracy is low compared to non-destructive measurements (Lu etal., 2010).
Digital image processing is one good non-destructive implementation for canopy area calculation in the agriculture sector to analyze images to obtain information regarding plant growth. The colour detection model is required to calculate the leaf area in the digital image processing technique with the support of a computer. HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) is an accurate colour model even in non-uniform illumination conditions to determine the colours of an image object which is similar to colours seen by the human eye as reported by Setyawan etal. (2018). The objective of this present study was to determine the growth and fruit yield of the strawberry plant in the different growing media such as control soil, bio plus compost, integrated media, and synthetic nutrient applied soil media.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Experimental design
The present investigation was carried out in the controlled greenhouse at Smart Farm Research Center of Gyeongsang National University, South Korea during the winter season in 2020. The overall experiment time was 120 days in winter (from the beginning of November to the end of February). The significant environmental parameters namely temperature, CO2 concentration, and humidity were daily monitored using a specific high accurate sensor unit MCH 383SD (Lutron Electronic Enterprises Co. Ltd., Taiwan) (Elanchezhian etal., 2019). In this experiment, four types of treatments including control soil, bio plus compost soil as natural media, integrated media (the combination of bio plus compost and Hoagland solution), and synthetic nutrient applied soil media (Hoagland solution and strawberry plants in the Rockwool pot) were utilized as strawberry plants growing media as shown in Figure1. Furthermore, the C: N ratio of control soil and bio plus compost soil were 12:0.3 and 30:1 consecutively (Azim etal., 2014). The treatment used in the experiment was demonstrated in Tables1 and and22.
Figure1
Schematic diagram of the nutrient solution tank (A, B, C) supplying to the treatments of strawberry plants.
Table1
Represent the four types of strawberry growing media used in the experiment.
| Treatments | Growing media |
|---|---|
| CS | Control soil (C:N ratio-12: 0.3) |
| T1 | Bio plus compost (C:N ratio- 30:1) |
| T2 | Bio plus compost (C:N ratio- 30:1) + Synthetic nutrient (Hoagland solution) |
| T3 | Synthetic nutrient (Hoagland solution) |
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Table2
Represent the standard chemical composition of the synthetic nutrient (Hoagland solution) applied to the strawberry plants.
| Fertilizer | Chemical formula | Requirement |
|---|---|---|
| A | ||
| Calcium nitrate (Ⅱ) | 5{Ca(NO3)2 · 2H2O} NH4NO3 | 12.21 (kg/150L) |
| Potassium nitrate | KNO3 | 2.16 (kg/150L) |
| Ammonium nitrate | NH4NO3 | 0.12 (kg/150L) |
| Chelate | FE-EDTA | 346.20 (kg/150L) |
| B | ||
| Potassium nitrate | KNO3 | 4.72 (kg/150L) |
| Potassium sulfate | K2SO4 | 0.31 (kg/150L) |
| Potassium phosphate | KH2PO4 | 2.98 (kg/150L) |
| Magnesium sulfate | MgSO4 · 7H2O | 7.15 (kg/150L) |
| Boric acid | H3BO3 | 44.00 (g/150L) |
| Manganese sulfate | MnSO4 · 4H2O | 30.00 (g/150L) |
| Zinc sulfate | ZnSO4 · 7H2O | 13.05 (g/150L) |
| Copper sulfate | CuSO4 · 5H20 | 2.40 (g/150L) |
| Sodium molybdate dihydrate | Na2MOO4 · 2H2O | 1.50 (g/150L) |
| C | ||
| Nitric acid | HNO3 | 0.75 (L/150L) |
Open in a separate window
Initially, 32 daughter plants of strawberry were grown in each soil medium with a distance of 0.5 m (Shahzad etal., 2018) as shown in Figure2. All the vegetative and reproductive growth parameters were measured after 8 weeks and 16 weeks after the cultivation period and yield attributing parameters like the number of fruit set and the number of fruits per plant were measured beginning and end of the reproductive stage (8 weeks and 16 weeks of planting). Plant height was measured in 25 plants of each treatment in two different stages using a metric ruler as reported by Basak etal. (2019). Generally, fresh weight and dry weight of 6 root samples from each treatment in two different stages were measured using a digital balance (Model-FX-300iWP, A&D Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan) and drying oven (Shelves for 5E-DHG6310: 2 layers, Changsha Kaiyuan Instruments Co., Ltd, Changsha 410100, PR China). The weight of roots was measured after drying at 80 °C for 48 h (Khan etal., 2019). Specifically, the number of fruits set per plant and fruit yield per plant in the reproductive stage was counted by using 6 replicates in each treatment. Eventually, the canopy area measurement RGB camera (HZ 35 W, WB 650, Korea) was used to capture the images from every 6 plant samples from each treatment from bottom to top 50 cm working distance, and end of the experiment RGB images convert to black and white image using Python programming language. Every image taken from the RGB camera was downscaled into a 0.25 ratio and extract the green, yellow and brown colour threshold using the HSV colour model and converted into a black and white image (Chumuang et al., 2016). Subsequently, the Field of view was calculated by using camera focal length, sensor size, and working distance. Eventually, the smallest feature was calculated using image resolution and field of view value. Total pixel counts were used to estimating the canopy area, according to the equation proposed by “Calculating Camera Sensor Resolution and Lens Focal Length”, 2021.
Figure2
The strawberry experiment in the greenhouse under controlled environmental conditions.
2.2. Statistical analysis
The vegetative growth, reproductive growth, and yield data of strawberry plants were collected and processed in MS Excel (Microsoft Office 2019, Seattle, WA, USA). Also, standard statistical methods were used in SPSS for data evaluation including analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) to practice with a significance level of p < 0.05. The significant differences between the mean values of experimental data were tested with a Post-Hoc Tukey's HSD test in Statistics 10 (SPSS Version: 22.0.0, IBM, New York, USA).
3. Results and discussion
The growing media combination T2 in the vegetative stage resulted from maximum plant height (16.93 ± 0.31 cm), followed by T1 (12.76 ± 0.34 cm), T3 (9.38 ± 0.44 cm), and the lowest plant height CS (7.97 ± 0.36 cm) were demonstrated in Figure3. The maximum enhancement in plant height under T2 treatment could be attributed to better nutrition retention and high water holding capacity which promotes better vegetative growth (Thakur and Shylla, 2018). Subsequently, T1 treatment showed the highest plant height compared to T3, which increased nutrient mineralization and production of plant growth regulators and humates by microbes compared to inorganic fertilizer solution (Arancon etal., 2003). On the other hand, bio plus compost contains more beneficial microbes which can grow and multiply, utilize carbons, nitrogens from organic matter during the decomposition process. Consequently, nitrogen promotes cell division and carbon facilitates the photosynthesis process and giving energy for plant growth as mentioned by Khan etal. (2019). Raja etal. (2018) reported that cocopeat and perlite substrates to be effective in root due to the better interchange of the cations which distributes moisture to the root growth and increasing the plant height.
Figure3
Effect of different growing media on plant height of strawberry in the vegetative and reproductive stages. Data indicate the means ± SD (n = 25). Different letters above bars indicate significant differences at p < 0.05.
Correspondingly, the maximum plant height in the reproductive stage was observed in T2 (19.34 ± 0.21 cm) followed by T1 (14.94 ± 0.37 cm), T3 (12.14 ± 0.44 cm), and CS (9.82 ± 0.52 cm) as exhibited in Figure3. Closer inspection of the plant height data, however, revealed that in both vegetative and reproductive stage plants grew exponentially, but at different rates, as described by Koelewijn (2004). Regardless, vegetative growth is continual, the onset of flowering the growth rate declined whereas reproductive structures prevail over the vegetative structures.
The response of the canopy area for growing media in the vegetative stage was high in T2 (23.02 ± 1.94 cm2) followed by T1 (21.46 ± 0.31 cm2), T3 (18.69 ± 1.12 cm2), and CS (15.58 ± 0.79 cm2) as shown in Figure4 and HSV developed images for canopy area calculation demonstrated in Figure5. Specifically, the combined use of inorganic and bio plus compost increased the strawberry vegetative growth canopy area due to an increase of NPK uptake and reducing eutrophication. Besides, N stimulates the formation of buds that subsequently develop into leaves and crowns, P promotes cell division and membrane development and K increases the sugar accumulation and growth rate consequently enhance the leaf area (Odongo etal., 2008). Arancon etal., 2003 have reported that compost increased nutrient mineralization due to increasing microbial mass and their competition. This fact directly correlated to the result of data which indicates no significant difference between T1 and T2 canopy area in the vegetative stage at (p < 0.05) level.
Figure4
Effect of different growing media on canopy area of strawberry in the vegetative and reproductive stages. Data indicate the means ± SD (n = 6). Different letters above bars indicate significant differences at p < 0.05.
Figure5
HSV developed images for canopy area calculation of strawberry plants in the vegetative and reproductive stages.
The maximum canopy area for the reproductive stage was high in T2 (28.78 ± 0.93 cm2) followed by T1 (24.28 ± 0.80 cm2), T3 (22.69 ± 0.56 cm2), and CS (19.29 ± 1.03 cm2) as shown in Figure4 and HSV developed images for canopy area calculation demonstrated in Figure5. However, in comparison to vegetative growth, the canopy area was considerably increased in the reproductive growth stage due to the slow mineralization of nutrients from the soil as mentioned by Odongo etal. (2008).
The results obtained indicated that different growth mediums affected the fresh weight of the root differently. The highest fresh root weight in the vegetative stage was recorded in T2 (18.00 ± 3.06 g) followed by T1 (13.52 ± 1.97 g), T3 (11.15 ± 1.08 g), and CS (6.74 ± 1.33) as exhibited in Figure6. Regardless of the reproductive stage, the maximum fresh weight was observed T2 (20.15 ± 3.49 g) followed by T1 (16.09 ± 3.28 g), T3 (12.63 ± 0.63 g), and CS (7.74 ± 1.19 g) consecutively. These results have been proven that organic amendments were linked with root biomass which increases root growth. Jindo etal. (2012) have been found that during the composting process humic acid is produced. Moreover, this humic acid plays a fundamental role in plant nutrient and water uptake, cell differentiation, and lateral root formation. Thereby, root biomass was increased in T2 when compared to other treatments in both stages. However, there was no significant difference between T1 with T2 and T3 due to the synthetic nutrient solution which contains P that also directly correlated with the root growth promotion (Barita etal., 2018).
Figure6
Effect of different growing media on fresh weight of strawberry root in the vegetative and reproductive stages. Data indicate the means ± SD (n = 6). Different letters above bars indicate significant differences at p < 0.05.
The maximum dry weight of root in the vegetative stage was measured T2 (5.15 ± 1.26 g) followed by T1 (3.40 ± 0.23 g), T3 (3.09 ± 0.29 g), and CS (1.95 ± 0.26 g) as demonstrated in Figure7. Especially, the highest root dry weight was obtained T2 due to the greater P was found in organic amendment soil as reported by Preusch etal. (2004). According to the dry weight results in the vegetative stage, there was no significant difference between T1 with T2 and T3 due to bio plus compost decomposed inactive nutrients and gradually release to maintain the available nutrient level of the soil. Thereby, the root biomass increased in bio plus compost and synthetic nutrient contain soil at the same rate (Hasnain etal., 2020).
Figure7
Effect of different growing media on the dry weight of strawberry root in the vegetative and reproductive stages. Data indicate the means ± SD (n = 6). Different letters above bars indicate significant differences at p < 0.05.
The highest dry weight of root in the reproductive stage was showed T2 (6.66 ± 2.34 g) followed by T1 (4.33 ± 1.35 g), T3 (3.03 ± 0.12 g), and CS (2.21 ± 0.29 g) respectively. Furthermore, humic substance caused for increasing root molecular weight as revealed by Jindo etal. (2012). Thereby, a combination of bio plus compost and synthetic nutrient supplied high minerals with humic substances for strawberry root growth when compared to synthetic nutrient and control soil. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference between T1 with T2 and T3 in the reproductive stage due to the bio plus compost contain soil supplied the same amount of minerals during the composting process like as synthetic nutrients applied soil sample.
The maximum number of fruits set per plant in the reproductive stage significantly difference was recorded T2 (18.83 ± 2.64) followed by T1 (10.17 ± 1.83), T3 (6.00 ± 0.63), and CS (3.50 ± 0.55) as shown in Figure8. With regards to the fruit yield data, appreciable differences among various treatments in the number of fruits per plant were recorded in T2 (24.17 ± 2.14) followed by T1 (14.50 ± 3.27), T3 (10.50 ± 1.05), and CS (7.67 ± 1.21) consecutively. It is obvious from the data related to strawberry fruit set could be large increases in soil microbes leading to the production of hormones acting as a plant growth regulator which promotes the development of reproductive structures as mentioned by Arancon etal., 2003. On the other hand, low availability and the slow release of nutrients from the CS is supposed to be responsible for the low yield compared to other treatment. Ayesha etal. (2011) reported that the utilize of the organic substrate and inorganic substrate in appropriate portions optimizes water and oxygen holding capacity. Moreover, it improves the aeration resulting in the formation of better root systems allowing better nutrient uptake required for sufficient growth and production of strawberries. Furthermore, T2 and T1 contain cocopeat and peat moss which are rich in coconut waste and other biodegradable material enhance the soil fertility and nutrients available for the overall production of strawberries as reported by Raja etal. (2018).
Figure8
Effect of different growing media on the number of fruits set and the number of fruits per plant in the reproductive stage. Data indicate the means ± SD (n = 6). Different letters above bars indicate significant differences at p < 0.05.
4. Conclusion
The findings of the present study concluded that the growing media directly correlated with the growth and productivity of strawberries cultivated under the greenhouse. Combination of bio plus compost and synthetic nutrient (Hoagland solution) applied media significantly improved the strawberry growth and yield compared to bio plus compost, Synthetic nutrient, and control soil supplied media. The results revealed that an increasing trend of vegetative and reproductive growth of strawberries under the following growing media correlated positively with the number of fruits set and the number of fruits per plant. Moreover, T2 has the highest fertilization potential (labile organic matter accompanied with mineralizable nutrients) and rich in cocopeat and peat moss that have higher available minerals as well as beneficial microbial biomass that leads to producing humic substances. These substances affect the production of plant growth regulators which increase the growth and yield of the strawberries in passively ventilated greenhouse conditions.
Declarations
Author contribution statement
Bolappa Gamage Kaushalya Madhavi: Conceived and designed the experiments; Performed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools, or data; Wrote the paper.
Fawad Khan: Conceived and designed the experiments.
Anil Bhujel; Mustafa Jaihuni; Na Eun Kim; Byeong Eun Moon: Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools, or data.
Hyeon Tae Kim: Conceived and designed the experiments; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools, or data.
Funding statement
This work was supported by Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (IPET) through Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Convergence Technologies Program for Educating Creative Global Leader, funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) (717001-7).
Data availability statement
Data included in article/supplementary material/referenced in article.
Declaration of interests statement
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
No additional information is available for this paper.
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